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Optional

Kashmiri Literature

UPSC Civil Services Mains, optional subject

Syllabus

Paper I

(Answers must be written in Kashmiri)

Section A

  • Genealogical relationship of the Kashmiri language: various theories.
  • Areas of occurrence and dialects (geographical/social)

Phonology and grammar

  • Vowel and consonant system;
  • Nouns and pronouns with various case inflections;
  • Verbs: various types and tenses.

Syntactic structure

  • Simple, active and declarative statements;
  • Coordination;
  • Relativisation.

Section B

  • Kashmiri literature in the 14th century (Socio-cultural and intellectual background with special reference to Lal Dyad and Sheikhul Alam).
  • Nineteenth century Kashmiri literature (development of various genres : vatsun; ghazal and mathnavi.
  • Kashmiri literature in the first half of the twentieth century (with special reference to Mahjoor and Azad; various literary influences).
  • Modern Kashmiri literature (with special reference to the development of the short story, drama, novel and nazm).

Paper II

(Answers must be written in Kashmiri)

Section A: Intensive study of Kashmiri poetry up to the nineteenth century

  • Lal Dyad,
  • Sheikhul Aalam
  • Habba Khatoon

Kashmiri poetry : 19th Century

  • Mahmood Gami (Vatsans)
  • Maqbool shah (Gulrez)
  • Rasool Mir (Ghazals)
  • Abdul Ahad Nadim (N’at)
  • Krishanjoo Razdan (Shiv Lagun)
  • Sufi Poets (Test in Sanglaab, published by the Deptt. of Kashmiri, University of Kashmir)
  • Twentieth Century Kashmiri poetry (text in Azich Kashir Shairi, published by the Deptt. of Kashmiri, University of Kashmir).
  • Literary criticism and research work : development and various trends.

Section B: An analytical study of the short story in Kashmiri

  • Afsana Majmu’a, published by the Deptt. of Kashmiri, University of Kashmir.
  • Kashur Afsana Az, published by the Sahitya Akademi.
  • Hamasar Kashur Afsana, published by the Sahitya Akademi.
  • The following short story writers only : Akhtar Mohi-ud Din, Kamil, Hari Krishan Kaul, Hraday Kaul Bharti, Bansi Nirdosh, Gulshan Majid.

Novel in Kashmiri

  • Mujrim by G. N. Gowhar
  • Marun—Ivan Ilyichun, (Kashmiri version of Tolstoy’s) The Death of Ivan Ilyich (published by Kashmiri Deptt.)

Drama in Kashmiri

  • Natuk Kariv Band by Hari Krishan Kaul
  • Qk Angy Natuk, ed.
  • Motilal Keemu, published by the Sahitya Akademi.
  • Razi Oedipus, tr.
  • Naji Munawar, published by the Sahitya Akademi.

Kashmiri Folk Literature

  • Kashur Luki Theatre by Mohammad Subhan Bhagat,published by the Deptt. of Kashmiri, University of Kashmir.
  • Kashiry Luki Beeth(all volumes) published by the J&K Cultural Akademy.

Syllabus as published by UPSC in the Civil Services Examination 2026 notification.

Useful resources

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