Optional
Kashmiri Literature
UPSC Civil Services Mains, optional subject
Syllabus
Paper I
(Answers must be written in Kashmiri)
Section A
- Genealogical relationship of the Kashmiri language: various theories.
- Areas of occurrence and dialects (geographical/social)
Phonology and grammar
- Vowel and consonant system;
- Nouns and pronouns with various case inflections;
- Verbs: various types and tenses.
Syntactic structure
- Simple, active and declarative statements;
- Coordination;
- Relativisation.
Section B
- Kashmiri literature in the 14th century (Socio-cultural and intellectual background with special reference to Lal Dyad and Sheikhul Alam).
- Nineteenth century Kashmiri literature (development of various genres : vatsun; ghazal and mathnavi.
- Kashmiri literature in the first half of the twentieth century (with special reference to Mahjoor and Azad; various literary influences).
- Modern Kashmiri literature (with special reference to the development of the short story, drama, novel and nazm).
Paper II
(Answers must be written in Kashmiri)
Section A: Intensive study of Kashmiri poetry up to the nineteenth century
- Lal Dyad,
- Sheikhul Aalam
- Habba Khatoon
Kashmiri poetry : 19th Century
- Mahmood Gami (Vatsans)
- Maqbool shah (Gulrez)
- Rasool Mir (Ghazals)
- Abdul Ahad Nadim (N’at)
- Krishanjoo Razdan (Shiv Lagun)
- Sufi Poets (Test in Sanglaab, published by the Deptt. of Kashmiri, University of Kashmir)
- Twentieth Century Kashmiri poetry (text in Azich Kashir Shairi, published by the Deptt. of Kashmiri, University of Kashmir).
- Literary criticism and research work : development and various trends.
Section B: An analytical study of the short story in Kashmiri
- Afsana Majmu’a, published by the Deptt. of Kashmiri, University of Kashmir.
- Kashur Afsana Az, published by the Sahitya Akademi.
- Hamasar Kashur Afsana, published by the Sahitya Akademi.
- The following short story writers only : Akhtar Mohi-ud Din, Kamil, Hari Krishan Kaul, Hraday Kaul Bharti, Bansi Nirdosh, Gulshan Majid.
Novel in Kashmiri
- Mujrim by G. N. Gowhar
- Marun—Ivan Ilyichun, (Kashmiri version of Tolstoy’s) The Death of Ivan Ilyich (published by Kashmiri Deptt.)
Drama in Kashmiri
- Natuk Kariv Band by Hari Krishan Kaul
- Qk Angy Natuk, ed.
- Motilal Keemu, published by the Sahitya Akademi.
- Razi Oedipus, tr.
- Naji Munawar, published by the Sahitya Akademi.
Kashmiri Folk Literature
- Kashur Luki Theatre by Mohammad Subhan Bhagat,published by the Deptt. of Kashmiri, University of Kashmir.
- Kashiry Luki Beeth(all volumes) published by the J&K Cultural Akademy.
Syllabus as published by UPSC in the Civil Services Examination 2026 notification.

