Udayagiri and Khandagiri caves through time

Theme 9 · 5th century BCE to 13th century CE

Buddhism and Jainism: later development and decline

Kharavela's caves for Jain monks, 1st century BCE; the Hathigumpha inscription; the Rani Gumpha

Theme 8a · 187 to 28 BCE

Post Mauryan north India: Shungas, Kanvas and Kharavela

Rock cut residences for Jain ascetics, excavated under Kharavela's patronage; the Hathigumpha inscription